Mercury-Caused
Endocrine Conditions Causing Widespread Adverse Health Effects
B. Windham (Ed.)
I. Introduction.
As will be
documented in this paper, the majority of the population receives significant
mercury exposures and significant adverse health effects are
common. Mercury has been found to be an endocrine system disrupting
chemical in animals and people, disrupting function of the pituitary gland,
thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pineal gland,
enzyme production processes, and affecting many hormonal and enzymatic
functions at very low levels of exposure (5,12). The main
factors determining whether chronic conditions are induced by metals appear to
be toxic exposure and
genetic
susceptibility
, which determines individual’s immune sensitivity and ability to
detoxify metals (405). Very low levels of exposure have been
found to seriously affect large groups of individuals who are
immune sensitive to toxic metals or have an inability to detoxify
metals due to such as deficient
sulfoxidation
or
metallothionein function or other inhibited enzymatic processes related to
detoxification or excretion of metals (5,12).
Dental amalgam
has
been found to be the
largest source of
mercury
in most people and includes methyl mercury since oral
bacteria methylate mercury to methylmercury. Toxic metal exposures are
common, and they often have additive or
synergistic
adverse effects. Most people with chronic conditions
improve after proper
toxic metal
replacement
[ in dental work and detoxification (32).
Everyone has toxic
exposures and they are additive or
synergistic
,
causing oxidative damage, neurological excitotoxicity, chronic inflammation,
and
endocrine system disruption
(5,13)- factors in autoimmune disease.
The liver, kidneys, skin, digestive system, and lungs all work
together to rid our bodies of toxic substances, but sometimes they are
overwhelmed by acute or cumulative exposures.
4
of the common factors causing autoimmune conditions that are commonly caused by
toxic exposures are oxidative stress, endocrine disruption (5), dysbiosis, and
genotoxicity. Some are more
susceptible
to chronic conditions due to genetic factors or past exposures or immune system
status. Pesticides and toxic and endocrine-disrupting, and
there is a strong
link between
Pesticides
and
autoimmune diseases
. Millions of
people are poisoned by pesticides each year (28), and millions of people are
drinking water containing pesticides or pesticide
degradates
(28b).
Studies
have shown that farming with
agricultural
pesticides
or herbicides or other chronic exposure to pesticides has been known to cause
endocrine conditions such as
Celiac Disease
,
Diabetes
,
Sexual and Reproductive Problems
,
Developmental Problems
,
Lupus
,
Parkinson's Disease
,
Alzheimer’s Disease
,
etc.
,
Thyroid
conditions are extremely common and adversely affect the health of millions of people,
though most cases are undiagnosed (580,581). The thyroid gland secretes
hormones which control the body’s metabolic rate, using iodine to create
thyroid hormone. So, iodine deficiency is a common cause of hypothyroid
condition (395). The hypothalamus secretes a hormone which triggers
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland to cause the thyroid
gland to produce
thyryroxine
(T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3) (produces mostly T4). T4 is then converted in the body to
the active thyroid hormone T3. A problem with any of these steps can
cause hypothyroidism. As will be seen, toxic metal exposures such as mercury
can accumulate and block or inhibit any of these necessary processes, as can
other factors. The hypothalamus also controls hormone secretions by the
pituitary gland. Mercury has been found to commonly accumulate in
the hypothalamus (303), affecting hormone secretions of the pituitary or
thyroid gland and many bodily functions. Calcitonin is another hormone
secreted by the thyroid gland that maintains blood calcium levels and prevents
hypercalcemia and which can be affected.
Effects
and Symptoms of Thyroid Deficiency
: fatigue, nervousness, depression, increased
allergies, cold sensitivity, skin problems, brittle nails, weight problems,
constipation, infertility, memory problems, low immune function, carpal tunnel
syndrome.
Tests
for thyroid
deficiency (580)): S
tandard test is blood test for TSH level
(concentrations
chronically above 2.0
mU
/L indicate thyroid
problem and cause long term health effects).
Another sensitive thyroid function
test is the
TRH stimulation test
. Another test is
the
Achilles tendon reflex test.
A good home test is
the
Barnes Basal Temperature Test
(put a thermometer in reach
of bed, before getting up take temperature under arm shoulder joint (holding
tight for at least 3 minutes). Below 97.8 degrees indicates you are
T3 deficient. Repeat several times.
Hashimoto�s
thyroiditis is chronic inflammation of thyroid
caused by an autoimmune reaction to environmental factors such as mercury or
toxic metals or gluten sensitivity or milk casein sensitivity (which is
commonly caused by toxic metals blocking enzymatic process needed to
digest
gluten or milk casein
). (see
later documentation) Thyroiditis is the most common thyroid condition
(369). Symptoms include weight gain, fatigue, constipation, dry
hair, depression, joint and muscle pain, infertility and often increased
cholesterol�and
research indicates that it is seven times
more common in women than in men (1).
It has been found that patients with AT and other autoimmune
diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus
and atopic eczema, show increased lymphocyte reactivity in vitro to
inorganic mercury, nickel and other metals compared to healthy controls.
The important source of mercury is dental amalgam. Replacement
of amalgam in mercury-allergic subjects resulted in improvement of
health in about 70% of patients (369).
On the other end of
the spectrum is
Grave�s
disease, marked by
dangerously
increased
thyroid function (hyperthyroidism).
Also, an autoimmune disorder,
Grave�s
disease results
when your thyroid-stimulating antibodies begin to mimic thyroid-stimulating
hormone boosting your thyroid hormone production as a result. Thus, many
of its symptoms, such as rapid heartbeat, heat intolerance, weight loss and
frequent bowel movements are opposite that of hypothyroidism. But like
Hashimoto�s
, women are also at significantly higher risk
(4).
Other
common hormone problems are related to the
adrenal glands
. The
adrenal medulla manufactures epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and
noradrenaline), the fight or flight hormones. Prolonged stress and anxiety
commonly cause imbalances of these hormones, and also can be a factor in
causing mercury to accumulate in the endocrine gland. Mercury tends to
accumulate in body areas that are stressed or inflamed due to
various factors (303). The adrenal cortex makes steroid hormones
(cortisone, hydrocortisone, testosterone, estrogen, DHEA, pregnenolone,
aldosterone,
androstenedrone
,
progesterone. Some of these are also made in other parts of the
body. The hormone aldosterone, together with the kidneys, regulates the balance
of sodium and potassium in the body, which is commonly out of
balance. Mercury can accumulate in the adrenal gland and inhibit
proper function of any of these hormones. Both mercury and stress commonly
cause imbalances that result in adrenal fatigue, which is a factor in
chronic fatigue (303)
Besides
imbalances of the various adrenal hormones that can cause effects, there are
common chronic conditions that have been identified.
Addison�s
Disease
is chronic adrenal
failure, usually related to autoimmune attack on the adrenal glands, commonly
caused by toxic exposures such as mercury (see more later). It
usually results in chronic
hypocortisolism
,
resulting in inability to properly deal with stress. This also affects blood
pressure, insulin regulation, inflammatory response, and metabolism of
proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. (580) Symptoms of
Addison�s
Disease
include:
skin changes such as dark tanning on
scars, skin folds, toes, lips, elbows, knees, knuckles.
Cushing�s
Syndrome
is overproduction
of cortisol, usually related to tumor of pituitary or other
organs. It is also common caused by prescription drug effects of
steroid hormones, etc. Symptoms
include:
stomach fat,
thin extremities, moon face, buffalo hump, excessive hair growth, irregular
menstrual periods, infertility.
Adrenal
fatigue can be caused by chronic anxiety or stress, poor nutrition, toxic metal
accumulation, etc. The adrenals can become depleted leading to fatigue,
weakening of immune response, disrupted sugar metabolism, etc. (580)
Environmental toxic exposure such as mercury can block or inhibit any of the
adrenal hormone processes and contribute to such conditions.
II. Common Exposures to Significant Levels of Mercury and
Distribution in the Body
Dental amalgam fillings have
been documented to be the largest source of mercury in most people who have
several amalgam fillings, and most people with several amalgam fillings get
daily exposure of mercury at levels well above U.S. government health
guidelines (16,19,20,49,199, 211,501) which amount to about 4 to 8 micrograms
per day (217). Mixed metals in the mouth such as amalgam dental
fillings, metal crowns, and metal braces have been found to result in galvanic
currents in the metals which drive the metals into the saliva and tissues of
the oral cavity at high levels as well as systemically, with accumulations in
the brain and hormonal glands (14,19,84,85,183,192,348,369, 381,500).
Additionally, electric and electromagnetic fields from appliances, computer
monitors, power lines, etc. cause electric currents in metals in the mouth
which further increase exposures to mercury and other metals
(28). Mercury and nickel, which are highly neurotoxic (19,84,217,372, 500)
and
immunotoxic
(181,91,114ab,380b,369,383ab,405),
are often found at high levels in tests of those with mixed metals in the mouth
and are known to commonly cause DNA damage (296,458,114), immune reactivity (234,330,331,342,369,375,
383,405,91), and hormonal effects in animals and humans
(13,50,84,104,105,369,382,459), including related reproductive
effects. Government health agencies in other countries such as
Health Canada and amalgam manufacturers have warned against
using amalgam near other metals (209,500), but this is still common in the
U.S. and several other countries. Children typically
also get high levels of exposure to highly toxic organic mercury compounds such
as ethyl mercury through thimerosal, used as a preservative in vaccines
(160,409,476,555), and to methyl mercury from fish (2).
Warnings
to ban or limit consumption of fish have been issued for
over 30 percent of all U.S. lakes, including all Great Lakes, as well as U.S.
river miles and bays (2).
A 2009 study found that inorganic
mercury levels in women have been increasing rapidly in recent years
(515). It used data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Health Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) finding that while
inorganic mercury was detected in the blood of 2 percent of women aged 18 to 49
in the 1999-2000 NHANES survey, that level rose to 30 percent of
women by 2005-2006.
Studies have
documented that mercury causes hypothyroidism (50,84,390,392,407), damage of
thyroid RNA (458), autoimmune thyroiditis (369,382,91), and impairment of
conversion of thyroid T4 hormone to the active T3 form
(13,369,382,390,392,407,50d). The thyroid gland has iodine binding sites where
the iodine needed for its function is obtained. For those with
chronic mercury exposure the mercury occupies some of the iodine binding sites,
blocking full utilization of iodine by the thyroid (394,395), in addition to
the direct damage to the thyroid since mercury is highly cytotoxic
(392,394,500, etc.). These studies and clinical experience indicate
that mercury and toxic metal exposures appear to be the most common cause of
hypothyroidism and the majority treated by metals detoxification recover or
significantly improve (503,303).
The estimated
prevalence of hypothyroidism from a large federal health survey, NHANES III,
was 4.6%, but the incidence was twice as high for women as for men and many
with sub clinical hypothyroidism are not aware of
their condition(3a). Another large study(3b) found that
11.7% tested had abnormal thyroid TSH levels with 9.5% being hypothyroid and
2.1% hyperthyroid. According to survey tests, 8 to 10 % of untreated
women were found to have thyroid imbalances so the actual level of
hypothyroidism is higher than commonly recognized (508). Even
larger percentages of women had elevated levels
of antithyroglobulin(anti-TG) or antithyroid peroxidase antibody(anti-TP).
Tests have found approx. 30% of pregnant women to have low free T4 in the
first trimester(509b).
Thyroid hormones
are of primary importance for the perinatal development of the central nervous
system, and for normal function of the adult brain (10a). Hypothyroidism of the
adults causes most frequently dementia and depression. Nearly all
the hyperthyroid patients show minor psychiatric signs, and sometimes
psychosis, dementia, confusion state, depression, apathetic
thyrotoxicosis, thyrotoxic crisis, seizures, pyramidal signs, or chorea
occur(10a). These hormones primarily regulate the transcription of specific
target genes. They increase the cortical serotonergic
neurotransmission,
and
play an important role in regulating central noradrenergic and
GABA function.
Studies
indicate that slight thyroid deficiency/imbalance (sub clinical) during the
perinatal period can result in delayed neuropsychological development in
neonate and child or permanent neuropsychiatric damage in the developing fetus
or autism or mental retardation (10,509,511). Low first trimester
levels of free T4 and positive levels of anti-TP antibodies in the mother
during pregnancy have been found to result in significantly reduced IQs
(509a-e) and causes psychomotor deficits(509f). Women with the highest levels
of thyroid-stimulating-
hormone(
TSH) and lowest free
levels of thyroxin 17 weeks into their pregnancies were significantly more
likely to have children who tested at least one standard deviation below normal
on an IQ test taken at age 8(509a). Based on study findings, maternal
hypothyroidism appears to play a role in at least 15% of children whose IQs are
more than 1 standard deviation below the mean, millions of children. Overt
autoimmune thyroiditis is preceded by a rise in levels of thyroid peroxidase
antibodies. "Collectively, reports show that 30-60% of women positive for
TPO antibodies in pregnancy develop postpartum thyroiditis," the
researchers point out (561,8), calling it "a strong association."
Without treatment, many of the women with
thyroiditis go
on
to develop overt clinical hypothyroidism as they age and, eventually,
associated complications such as cardiovascular disease. About 7.5% of pregnant
women develop thyroiditis after
birth(
8). Studies
have also established a connection between maternal thyroid
disease and babies born with heart defects(509h).
Infants of women
with hypothyroxinemia at 12 weeks' gestation had significantly lower scores on the
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale orientation index compared
with subjects(10b). Regression analysis showed that first-trimester
maternal free thyroid hormone T4 was a significant predictor of orientation
scores. This study confirmed that maternal hypothyroxinemia constitutes a
serious risk factor for neurodevelopmental difficulties that can be identified
in neonates as young as 3 weeks of age.
Mercury
(especially mercury vapor from dental amalgam or organic mercury) rapidly
crosses the blood brain barrier and is stored preferentially in the pituitary
gland, thyroid gland, hypothalamus, and occipital cortex in direct
proportion to the number and extent of dental amalgam surfaces
(14,19,85,99,273,274,407), and likewise rapidly crosses the placenta and
accumulates in the fetus including the fetal brain and hormone glands at levels
commonly higher than the level in the mother(20,22-27). Milk from mothers
with 7 or more mercury amalgam dental fillings was found to have levels of
mercury approximately 10 times that of amalgam free mothers(22b). The milk
sampled ranged from 0.2 to 57 ug/L. In a population of
German women, the concentration of mercury in early breast milk ranged from
0.2 to 20.3 ug/L (26)
.
Cadmium and mercury
was
detected in 100% and lead in 87% of breast milk samples from Norwegian
mothers (22d). Maternal seafood intake alone explained 10% of variance in
mercury exposure, while together with amalgam fillings explained 46% of
variance in Hg concentration in breast milk. For Hg concentration in breast
milk,
number of amalgam fillings
and high fish
consumption were significant predictors of mercury level
(22).
A Japanese study found that the average mercury level in
samples tested increased 60% between 1980 and 1990 [25]. The study found
that prenatal Hg exposure is correlated with lower scores in neurodevelopmental
screening, but more so in the linguistic pathway (25). The level of
mercury in umbilical cord blood, meconium, and placenta is usually higher than
that in mother's blood [23-25].
Alterations
of cortical neuronal migration and cerebellar Purkinje cells have been observed
in autism. Neuronal migration, via reelin regulation, requires triiodothyronine
(T3) produced by deiodination of thyroxine (T4) by fetal brain deiodinases
(407). Experimental animal models have shown that transient intrauterine
deficits of thyroid hormones (as brief as 3 days) result in permanent
alterations of cerebral cortical architecture reminiscent of those observed in
brains of patients with autism. Early maternal hypothyroxinemia resulting in
low T3 in the fetal brain during the period of neuronal cell migration (weeks
8-12 of pregnancy) may produce morphological brain changes leading to autism.
Insufficient dietary iodine intake and a number of environmental antithyroid
and goitrogenic agents such as mercury, soy, and peanuts can affect maternal
thyroid function during pregnancy (395).
Mercury can have
significant effects on thyroid function even though the main hormone levels
remain in the normal range, so the usual thyroid tests are not adequate in such
cases. Prenatal methylmercury exposure severely affects the activity
of selenoenzymes, including glutathione peroxidase (
GPx
)
and 5-iodothyronine deiodinases (5-Di and 5'-DI) in the fetal brain, even
though thyroxine(T4) levels are normal(390de). Another mechanism by which
mercury exerts such effects is
mercury�s
effects on
selenium levels which are required for conversion of T4
to T3(392,390d).
Gpx
activity is severely
inhibited, while 5-DI levels are decreased and 5'-DI increased in the fetal
brain, similar to hypothyroidism.
Thus
normal
thyroid tests will not pick up this condition.
Mercury reduces the
bloods ability to transport oxygen to fetus and transport of essential
nutrients including amino acids, glucose, magnesium, zinc, selenium,
and Vit B12 (43,96,198,263,264,338, 339,347,392,427); depresses
enzyme
isocitric
dehydrogenase (ICD) in
fetus, causes reduced iodine uptake,
autoimmune thyroiditis, & hypothyroidism.
(50,91,212,222,369,382,394,407,459,35). Because of the evidence of
widespread effects on infants, the American Assoc. of Clinical
Endocrinologists advises that all women considering becoming pregnant should
get a serum thyrotropin test so that hypothyroidism can be diagnosed and
treated early(558,7b). Since mercury and toxic metals are
common causes of hypothyroidism, another test that should be considered is a
hair element test for mercury or toxic metal exposures and essential mineral
imbalances.
Studies
have also established a clear association between the presence of thyroid
antibodies and spontaneous abortions (511,13). Levels of
recurrent abortions in a population with positive levels of thyroid antibodies
in one study were 40%, 5 times the normal rate
(511). Hypothyroidism is a well- documented risk factor in
spontaneous abortions and infertility (9,511,13). Another study of
pregnant women who suffer from hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) found a
four-times greater risk for miscarriage during the second
trimester than those who do not (511), and women with untreated thyroid
deficiency were four-times more likely to have a child with a
developmental disabilities (509f-h,13)
. Mercury through
its effects on the endocrine system is also documented to cause other
reproductive effects including infertility, low sperm counts, abnormal sperm,
endometriosis, PMS, adverse effects on reproductive organs,
etc. (5,9,12,13,50,104,105,390,500,559).
Mercury blocks
thyroid hormone production by occupying iodine binding sites and inhibiting
hormone action even when the measured thyroid level appears to be in
proper range (13,390,394,35). The thyroid and hypothalamus regulate
body temperature and many metabolic processes including enzymatic processes
that when inhibited result in higher dental decay (35). Mercury damage
thus commonly results in poor bodily temperature control, in addition to many
problems caused by hormonal imbalances such as depression. Such
hormonal secretions are affected at levels of mercury exposure much lower than
the acute toxicity effects normally tested (50,390,84), as previously confirmed
by hormonal/reproductive problems in animal populations
(104,381c,50d). Mercury also damages the blood brain barrier and
facilitates penetration of the brain by other toxic metals and substances
(311). Hypothyroidism is also known to be a major factor in
cardiovascular disease (510,509h,5,13).
The pituitary gland controls
many of the body endocrine system functions and secretes hormones that control
most bodily processes, including the immune system
and reproductive systems. One study found mercury levels
in the pituitary gland ranged from 6.3 to 77 ppb (85), while another (348)
found the mean level to be 30ppb- levels found to be neurotoxic and cytotoxic
in animal studies. Some of the effect on depression is related to
mercury effect of reducing the level of posterior
pituitary hormone(oxytocin). Low levels of pituitary
function are associated with depression and suicidal
thoughts,
and
appear to be a major factor in suicide of teenagers and other
vulnerable groups. The pituitary glands of a group of dentists had 800
times more mercury than controls (99). This may explain why
dentists have much higher levels of emotional problems, depression,
suicide, etc. (500, Section VIII.). A study by a neuroscience researcher
found a connection between the levels of pituitary hormone lutropin and chronic
mercury exposure (515). The authors indicated that inorganic mercury
binding to luteinizing hormone can impair gonadotrophin regulation affecting
fertility and reproductive function, as well as immune function and
has been found to accumulate in the brain and stay there for years, which may
help explain the mercury link to neurodegenerative disease.
Amalgam
fillings, nickel and gold crowns are major factors in reducing
pituitary function (35,50,369, etc.). Supplementary oxytocin
extract has been found to alleviate many of these mood problems (35), along
with replacement of metals in the mouth (107,500-Section
VI.). The normalization of pituitary function also often normalizes
menstrual cycle problems, endometriosis, and increases fertility
(35,9,500).
Mercury
accumulates in the adrenal gland and disrupts adrenal gland function
(84,369,381).
In
general
immune activation from toxics such as heavy metals resulting in cytokine
release and abnormalities of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis can cause
changes in the brain, fatigue, and severe psychological symptoms
(369,375,379-383,107) such as depression, profound fatigue,
muscoskeletal
pain, sleep disturbances,
gastrointestinal and neurological problems as are seen in CFS, Fibromyalgia,
and autoimmune thyroiditis. Such symptoms usually improve significantly after
amalgam removal (503,303). Such hypersensitivity has been found most
common in those with genetic predisposition to heavy metal sensitivity
(342,369,375,382) such as found more frequently in patients with
HLA-DRA antigens (375,381,383). A significant portion of the population
appears to fall in this category and adrenal problems have been increasing
significantly in recent years (570).
Mercury (and other
toxic metals) has been found to accumulate in the pineal gland and
reduce melatonin levels, which is thought to be a significant factor in
mercury�s
toxic effects (569). Melatonin has found to
have a significant protective action against methyl mercury toxicity, likely
from antioxidative effect of melatonin on the MMC induced neurotoxicity
(567).
There is also
evidence that mercury affects neurotransmitter levels which has effects on
conditions like depression, mood disorders, ADHD, etc. There is
evidence that mercury can block the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) enzyme
(571). DBH is used to make
the noradrenaline neurotransmitter and low noradrenaline can
cause fatigue and depression. Mercury molecules can block all copper catalyzed
dithiolane oxidases, such as coproporphyrin oxidase (260) and DBH.
Thyroid
imbalances, which are documented to be commonly caused by mercury
(369,382,459,35,50,91,212), have been found to play a major role in
chronic heart conditions such as clogged arteries,
mycardial
infarction,
and chronic heart failure (510). In a recent study, published in the
Annals of Internal Medicine, researchers reported that subclinical
hypothyroidism is highly prevalent in elderly women and is strongly and
independently associated with cardiac atherosclerosis and
myocardial infarction(510c). People who tested hypothyroid
usually have significantly higher levels of homocysteine and cholesterol, which
are documented factors in heart disease. 50% of those testing
hypothyroid, also had high levels of homocysteine (
hyperhomocysteinenic
)
and 90% were either
hyperhomocystemic
or hypercholesterolemic(510a).
These are also known factors in developing arteriosclerotic vascular disease.
Homocysteine levels are significantly increased in
hypothtyroidpatients
and normalize with treatment(510efg).
The thymus gland
plays a significant part in the establishment of the immune system and
lymphatic system from the 12
th
week of gestation until
puberty. Inhibition of thymus function can thus affect proper
development of the immune and lymphatic systems. Lymphocyte
differentiation, maturation and peripheral functions are affected by the thymic
protein hormone
thymulin
. Mercury at very low
concentrations has been seen to impair some lymphocytic functions causing
subclinical manifestations in exposed workers. Animal studies have shown
mercury significantly inhibits
thymulinproduction
at very low micromolar levels of exposure(513a). The metal allergens
mercuric chloride and nickel sulfate were found to stimulate DNA synthesis of
both immature and mature thymocytes at low levels of exposure, so chronic
exposure can have long term effects(513b). Also, micromolar levels of
mercuric ions specifically blocked synthesis of ribosomal RNA, causing fibrillarin
relocation from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm in epithelial cells
as a consequence of the blockade of ribosomal RNA
synthesis. This appears to be a factor in deregulation of basic
cellular events and in autoimmunity caused by mercury. There
were specific
immunotoxic
and biochemical
alterations in lymphoid organs of mice treated at the lower doses of mercury.
The immunological defects were consistent with altered T-cell function as
evidenced by decreases in both T-cell mitogen and mixed leukocyte responses.
Mercury caused increased immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary protein at
1
nanamole
(0.2 ppb)
concentration, and microglial response at even lower levels
(175). There was a particular association between the T-cell defects
and inhibition of thymic pyruvate kinase, the rate-limiting enzyme
for glycolysis(513c). Pyruvate and glycolysis
problems are often seen in mercury toxic children being treated for
autism(
409).
A direct mechanism
involving
mercury�s
inhibition of hormones and
cellular enzymatic processes by binding with the hydroxyl radical(SH) in amino
acids appears to be a major part of the connection to allergic/immune
reactive/autoimmune conditions such as autism/ADHD
(409-411,439,464,468,476,5,33,160), schizophrenia(409,410), lupus
(113,126,234,330,331,33,468), Scleroderma(468), eczema and
psoriasis (323,375,385,419,33), and allergies
(271,313,330,331,369,375,468). Mercury and other toxic metals also
form inorganic compounds with OH, NH2, CL, in addition to the SH radical and
thus inhibits many cellular enzyme processes, coenzymes, hormones, and
blood cells (5,405,409,500,555). For example, mercury has been found
to strongly inhibit the activity of
dipeptyl
peptidase
(DPP IV) which is required in the digestion of the milk protein casein
(411,412) as well as of xanthine oxidase (439). Studies involving a large
sample of autistic and schizophrenic patients found that over 90 % of those
tested had high levels of the neurotoxic milk protein beta-casomorphine-7 in
their blood and urine and defective enzymatic processes for digesting
milk protein (410). Elimination of milk products from the diet
has been found to improve the condition. Similar results have been seen in
similarly but lesser affected patients with other pervasive developmental
conditions such as ADHD. Such populations have also been
found to have many with high levels of mercury who recover after mercury detox
(409,413,369,160). As mercury levels are reduced the protein binding is
reduced and improvement in the enzymatic process occurs. Additional cellular
level enzymatic effects of
mercury�s
binding with
proteins include blockage of sulfur oxidation processes (33,114,194,330,331
,412), enzymatic processes involving vitamins B6 and B12(418), effects on the
cytochrome-C energy processes (43,84,338c,35), along with
mercury�s
adverse effects on cellular mineral levels of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and
lithium (43,96,333,338,160,500). Thus some of the main mechanisms of toxic
effects of metals include cytotoxicity; changes in cellular membrane
permeability; inhibition of enzymes, coenzymes, and
hormones; and generation of lipid peroxides
or free
radicals- which result in neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, impaired cellular
respiration, gastrointestinal/metabolic effects, hormonal effects, and
immune reactivity or autoimmunity.
Mercury
has been found to cause hormonal changes which cause hair loss and greying of
hair. In a large German study where 20,000 were tested, allergies
and hair-loss were found to be 2-3 times as high in a group with large numbers
of amalgam fillings compared to controls (199,9). Levels of mercury
in follicular fluid was significantly higher for those with amalgam
fillings (9,146). Based on this finding, a Gynecological Clinic that sees a
large number of women suffering from alopecia/hair loss that was not responding
to treatment had amalgams replaced in 132 women who had not responded to
treatment. 68 % of the women then responded to treatment and alopecia
was alleviated (187). In other
studies
involving
amalgam removal, the majority had significant improvement
(40,317,503). Higher levels of hormone disturbances, immune
disturbances, infertility, and recurrent fungal infections were also found in
the amalgam group (13). The results of hormone tests, cell culture studies, and
intervention studies agree (9,146). Other clinics have also
found alleviation of hair loss/alopecia after amalgam removal and detox
(40,317). Another study in Japan found significantly higher levels of mercury
in gray hair than in dark hair (402).
III.
Treatment of thyroid conditions
.
As
previously documented, for those with amalgam fillings or toxic metal exposure amalgam
replacement and detoxification usually bring about significant improvement in
thyroid function, including thyroiditis.
Conventional treatment of hypothyroidism is
Synthroid or
Unithroid
or
Levoxyl
(synthetic T4). Clinical experience
has found
Armour
Thyroid (desiccated
thyroid gland of pig) and Cytomel (synthetic T3) and
Thyrolar
(synthetic
T4/T3 mix) to often be more effective than the conventional treatments.
(580)
Nutrient
supplementation found by clinical experience to benefit hypothyroidism include
complex vit B, vit C, E, A, CoQ10, L-Carnitine, and
minerals magnesium, manganese, selenium, and zinc.
The B vitamins
riboflavin and niacin act as cofactors in the production of your cellular
energy (ATP) and in the conversion of iodide into iodine within
your body(418b). Studies show that supplementation with these B
vitamins can reduce thyroid hormones (including T4 and T3)
without
inducing
hypothyroidism or any of its negative symptoms(418b). The amino acid
L-Carnitine is essential to proper energy metabolism, and reduced levels may be
behind the muscle weakness seen in patients with both underactive
and
overactive
thyroids. Studies show, however, that once thyroid function is normalized,
muscle carnitine levels and carnitine excretion in the urine
both
normalize
in
response.(
580c). Clinical research
also reveals that L-carnitine supplementation can minimize even severe cases of
hyperthyroidism.
Deficiencies
of any of these can prevent conversion of T4 to T3 and should be corrected. (580,581).
Iodine
is
the primary mineral requirement for thyroid function and deficiency can cause
hypothyroidism and other problems. It is found in kelp, seaweeds, sea salt, and
iodized salt. S
tatistics show that as
our
country�s
median iodine intake has dropped, our
risk of autoimmune disease has steadily risen(395b). Clinical
trials show that daily iodide supplementation can reduce levels of harmful
antibodies in patients with
Hashimoto�s
thyroiditis(395c).
Iodoral
is
an iodine supplement that commonly cures or improves hypothyroidism. (395
ac)
Selenium
assists in
removing toxins from the body and deficiency has been found to result in some
cases of hypothyroidism. Found in asparagus, grains, garlic,
mushrooms- except the soil in some areas is deficient.
Tyrosine
is
a necessary precursor of thyroid hormone and the neurotransmitters dopamine,
norepinephrine, epinephrine. A deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism
and low adrenal function as well as mood disorders.
DHEA
is
a
hormone that affects other hormone levels and metabolic function and is
commonly found low in hypothyroidism. Levels can be
determined by
blood
test. Raw cabbage, cauliflower, or turnips contain low levels of
goitrogens, though cooking inactivates them. (580)
Natural treatments
for adrenal fatigue include vit C (3 gm/day),DHEA (50 gm/day)
L-theanine (100-400 mg/day, vit B5 (1500 mg/day), Phosphatidylserine
(300 mg/day), Licorice (no more than 1000 mg), Melatonin (300 mcg to 6 mg at
bedtime). Limit processed foods,
alcohol, smoking. (580)
Natural treatments
of
Addison
�
s
Disease or
hypocortisolism
includes DHEA,
Licorice, pantothenic acid (B5), and L-Theanine (green tea
extract). A physician should be consulted to test for DHEA levels
and high doses of licorice should be used long term only under care of a
doctor. DHEA deficiency is common in the aging population, and
chronic conditions like
Addison
�
s
make this more
likely. Clinical studies found significant benefit in the majority.
Licorice helps to break down the amount of hydrocortisone broken down by the
liver, reducing the workload of the adrenal glands. Vit B5
activates the adrenal glands. L-Theanine works by increasing
GABA levels, which helps modulate stress and mood. (580)
Natural treatments
for
Cushing
�
s
Syndrome that have demonstrated benefits include DHEA, Vit C,
Phosphatidylserine (PS), and Melatonin (nightly) (580).
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