Health Effects from Dental Personnel Exposure to Mercury Vapor
from Dental Amalgam- B. Windham, DAMS Intl, Editor
Dental Amalgam is the
largest source of mercury in most
people
, and since mercury is very toxic commonly
causes many types of chronic health
problems
. There are many common
susceptibility factors
such as blood
allele type APOE4 and Metallothionein polymorphisms and mutation of protective
genes that cause some to suffer more damage from mercury than those without
such factors.
Within a population of
dentists and dental assistance with exposure to mercury in their work, increased
symptoms of depression, anxiety, and memory are associated with the
5-HTTLPR serotonin transporter polymorphism among both males and females (39).
Exposure to
EMF or Wi-fi
causes
increases in release of mercury vapor from amalgam fillings, and thus of
chronic damage from mercury. This would likewise affect mercury vapor level in
dental offices and to dental staff. The common chronic toxic effects of mercury
from amalgam fillings have been demonstrated by the hundreds of thousands of
cases of
recovery from
chronic neurological and immune conditions
after proper replacement of
amalgam fillings. The
majority of
patients
with many chronic conditions have been found to recover or
significantly improve after proper amalgam replacement(153a) with proper immune
support.
Studies have found that use of
combinations of metals such as dental amalgams or gold crowns in the mouth
causes electrical currents (
battery effect
) and oral
galvanism, resulting in high exposures of metals in the oral cavity, in
addition to the continuous
mercury vapor exposure
from mercury
amalgams(3-5). These exposures result in metals being carried throughout the
body and to the brain. Studies have found that use of titanium implants in
those with mercury amalgams causes not only galvanism, but also toxicity and
sometimes yellow nail syndrome, which is a chronic immune condition (3). These
researchers concluded that
titanium implants should not be used in
patients with dental amalgams
. But in dental patients with dental amalgams,
the majority of the patients tested had metals reactivity to nickel, gold,
mercury, palladium, or titanium (4), and recovered or significantly improved
after amalgam and metals replacement with proper immune support, from many
types of
chronic
conditions
. Studies have also found that metals in the mouth act like
antennas to allow
EMF and wi-fi
to cause
increased metals exposure and chronic health conditions (5,
etc
.).
Dental offices are known to be one of the largest users of
inorganic mercury (71b, 26, etc.). It is well documented that
dentists and dental personnel who work with amalgam are chronically exposed to
mercury vapor, which accumulates in their bodies to much higher
levels than for most non-occupationally exposed. Adverse health effects of
this exposure including neurological effects have also been well
documented that affect most dentists and dental assistants, with measurable
effects among those in the lowest levels of exposure.
Mercury levels of dental personnel average at least 2 times that of
controls for hair (397-401), urine (25d,57,64,69,99,123,124,138, 171,173,
222,249, 290,362,397-399), toenails (562), and for blood
(124,195,253,249,397,563). A Lebanese study (398b) found 25 % of
dentists had hair mercury levels over 5ppm and 8% had level over 10
ppm. In a study of Turkey dental offices,
Hg concentrations in
dentists and dental staff working with amalgam had mercury plasma levels
significantly higher than the control group (12). The number of amalgam
fillings made by the dentists in the previous year correlated significantly
with plasma Hg levels.
Sweden, one of the several advanced countries that have banned use
of amalgam in fillings, is the country with the most exposure and health
effects studies regarding amalgam, and urine levels in dental
professionals from Swedish and European studies ranged from 0.8 to
30.1 ug/L with study averages from 3.7 to 6.2 ug/L (124,172,253,64,68). The
Swedish safety guideline for mercury in urine is 5.6 nmol Hg/nmol
(11.6 ug/L). Study averages for other countries ranged from 3.2
to 15 microgram/liter(ug/L) (69,70,171,290,397). A large survey of
dentists at the Norwegian Dental Assoc. meeting (171) found that the mean
mercury level in 1986 was 7.8 ug/L with approx. 16% above 13.6ug/L, and
for 1987 found an average of 8.6 ug/L with approx. 15% above
15.8 ug/L, with women having higher levels than men in general. A U.S. national
sample of dentists provided by the American Dental Association had an
average of 5.2 ug/L (290a). In that large sample of
dentists, 10% of dentists had urine mercury levels over 10.4 ug/L and 1%
had levels over 33.4ug/L(290,25c), indicating daily exposure levels of over
100 ug/day. Another large U.S. study had an average mercury level in urine
of dentists of 3.2 ug/L(291a).
Researchers from the Univ. of Washington School of Dentistry and
Dept. of Chemistry tested a sample of dentists at an annual ADA meeting (230). The
study found that the dentists had a significant body burden of mercury and the
group with higher levels of mercury had significantly more adverse health
conditions than the group with lower exposure. The increased effects
in the group with more mercury exposure included mood disturbances, memory
deficits, fatigue, confusion, anxiety, and delay in simple reaction time. A
Norwegian study compared the occurrence of neurological symptoms among dental
assistants likely to be exposed to mercury from work with dental filling
material, compared to similar health personnel with no such exposure (596). The
dental assistants reported significant higher occurrence of neurological symptoms:
psychosomatic symptoms, problems with memory, concentration, fatigue, and sleep
disturbance. Another study of a group of 194 U.S. male dentists with mean
urine mercury level of 3.3 ug/L and 233 female dental assistants with mean
urine mercury level of 2.0 ug/L considered effects of polymorphism in
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or a
polymorphyism
in
blood heme (CPOX4) as well as mercury level (291). The study
found significant effects of mercury level on 9 measures of neurological deficits
for the dentists and on 8 measures of neurological deficits for dental assistants
(291), as well as a significant difference relating to BDNF and to CPOX4.
A study by Yale Univ
researchers found higher rates of neuropsychiatric, neurological, cardiovascular,
and respiratory disease for dentists compared to matching controls (492a).
Other studies have found similar effects (492bc, 563).
Large studies of U.S. dentists and
dental assistants have found that mercury level in urine is significantly
associated with neurological dysfunction using several different measures, but
that among a population with low level mercury exposure those with a
polymorphism in blood heme (CPOX4) or to a polymorphism in
neurofactor
(BDNF) or to a functional single nucleotide
polymorphism (Val158Met) in the gene encoding the catecholamine catabolic
enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) were more
susceptible
to
neurological effects or deficits (291). An association in a population with low
level mercury exposure between such polymorphisms and mood disorders was found
only for female dental assistants. The associations between
a polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), dental
mercury exposure, and self-reported symptoms were evaluated among 157 male dentists
and 84 female dental assistants. The findings suggest that within
this restricted population of mercury exposed workers, increased symptoms of
depression, anxiety, and memory are associated with the
5-HTTLPR polymorphism among both males and females(291d).
Mercury excretion levels were found to have a positive correlation
with the number of amalgams placed or replaced per week, the number of amalgams
polished each week, and with the number of fillings in the dentist
(171,172,173). In one study, each filling was found to increase
mercury in the urine approx. 3%, though the relationship was nonlinear and
increased more with larger number of fillings (124). Much
higher accumulated body burden levels in dental personnel were found based on
challenge tests than for controls (303), with excretion levels after a dose of
a chelator as high as 10 times the corresponding levels for controls
(57,69,290a,303). Autopsy studies have found similar high body
accumulation in dental workers, with levels in pituitary gland and thyroid over
10 times controls and levels in renal cortex 7 times controls
(99,363,38). Autopsies of former dental staff found levels of
mercury in the pituitary gland averaged as high as 4,040 ppb. They
also found much higher levels in the brain occipital cortex (as high as
300 ppb), renal cortex (as high as 2110 ppb) and thyroid (as high as
28,000 ppb. In general, dental assistants and
women dental workers showed higher levels of mercury than male dentists (171,172,173,253,303,362).
A strong positive correlation between maternal
and placental cord blood mercury levels has been found in studies, and our
findings regarding the effect of exposure to electromagnetic fields or Wi-fi on
the increased release of mercury from dental amalgam fillings lead us
to the conclusion that pregnant women with dental amalgam fillings or
other mercury exposure should limit their exposure to electromagnetic fields to
prevent toxic effects of mercury in their fetuses (190)
.
Based on these
findings, as infants and children are more vulnerable to mercury exposures, and
as some individuals are routinely exposed to different sources of
electromagnetic fields mercury exposures need to be controlled in women dental
workers of age to become pregnant.
Mercury levels in blood of dental professionals ranged from
0.6 to 57 ug/L, with study averages ranging from 1.34 to
9.8 ug/L (124,195,253,249,531). A review of several studies of
mercury level in hair or nails of dentists and dental workers found median
levels were 50 to 300% more than those of controls (38, p287-288,
10,16,178,531). Dentists have been found to have elevated skeletal mercury
levels, which has been found to be a factor in osteoporosis, as well as mercury
retention and kidney effects that tend to cause lower measured levels of
mercury in urine tests (258). A group of dental students taking
a course involving work with amalgam had their urine tested before and after
the course was over. The average urine level increased by 500% during
the course (63). Allergy tests given to another group of dental students
found 44% of them were allergic to mercury (156). For a group
of Turkish dentists,
the
number of amalgam fillings made by the dentists in the previous year
correlated significantly with plasma Hg levels(195b).
Studies have
found that the longer time exposed, the more likely to be allergic and the
more effects(6b,154c,156,503a). One study found that over a
4-year period of dental school, the sensitivity rate increased 5-fold to over 10%(154c). Another
group of dental students had similar results (362), while another group of
dental students showed compromised immune systems compared to medical
students. The total lymphocyte count, total T cell numbers
(CD3), T helper/ inducer (CD4+CD8-), and T suppressor/cytotoxic (CD4-CD8+)
numbers were significantly elevated in the dental students compared to the
matched control group (408). Similar results have been seen in other studies
as well (408).
More than 10,000
dental assistants were exposed to extremely high
concentrations of
mercury fumes while working with amalgam in dental
offices during the
60s, 70s, 80s, and early 90s (564). 25% of them report
they often or very
often have neurological problems. They have been
compared with a
group of nurses of the same age. Dental assistants scored
much higher than
nurses on 4 health problems: tremor/shaking; heart
and lung problems,
depression, and lack of memory/memory failure.
Urinary porphyrin profiles were
found to be an excellent biomarker of level of body mercury level and mercury
damage neurological effects, with coproporphyrin significantly higher in those
with higher mercury exposure and urine levels
(70,260). Coproporphyrin levels have a higher correlation with symptoms
and body mercury levels as tested by challenge test (69,303), but care
should be taken regarding challenge tests as the high levels of mercury
released can cause serious health effects in some, especially those who still
have amalgam fillings or high accumulations of mercury. Screening
test that are less burdensome and less expensive are now available as first
morning void urine samples have been found to be highly correlations to 24-hour
urine test for mercury level or porphyrins (73).
2. The average dental office exposure affects the body mercury
level at least as much as the workers on fillings
(57,64,69,123,138,171,173,303), with several studies finding levels
approximately the same as having 19 amalgam fillings
(123,124,173). Many surveys have been made of office
exposure levels (1,6,7,10, etc.) The level of mercury at breathing point
in offices measured ranged from 0.7 to over 300 micrograms per
cubic meter(ug/M3) (120,172,253,249). The average levels in
offices with reasonable controls ranged from 1.5 to 3.6 ug/M3, but even in
Sweden which has had more office environmental controls than others spot levels
of over 150 ug/M3 were found in 8 offices (172). Another study found
spot readings as high as 200 ug/M3 in offices with few controls that only used
saliva extractor (120). OSHA surveys find 6-16% of U.S.
dental offices exceed the OSHA dental office standard of 50 ug/M
3
,
and residual levels in equipment sterilizers often exceed this level
(454).
The German workplace mercury standard of 1 ug/M
3
is
almost always exceeded (258).
The U.S. ATSDR mercury vapor exposure MRL for
chronic exposure is much lower, 0.2 ug/M3 (217) (giving approx.
4 ug/day exposure), similar to U.S. EPA and Health Canada guidelines
(2,209).
Thus
most office mercury
levels were found to far exceed the U.S. guidelines for chronic mercury
exposure.
Use of high- speed drill in removal or
replacement has been found to create high volume of mercury vapor and
respirable particles, and dental masks to only filter out about 40 % of such
particles (219,247a). Amalgam dust generated by high- speed drilling
is absorbed rapidly into the blood through the lungs and major organs such as
the heart receive a high dose within minutes(219a,395c,503c). This
produces high levels of exposure to patient and dental staff. Use of water
spray, high velocity evacuation and rubber dam reduce exposure to patient and
dental staff significantly, as seen in previous discussion. In
addition to these measures researchers also advise all dental staff should wear
face masks and patients be supplied with outside air
(120,153). Some studies note that carpeting and rugs in dental
offices should be avoided as it is a major repository of mercury
(6,7,21d,71b,188,395c,503) For offices using an aspirator, at the
dentist's breathing zone, mercury vapor concentrations of ten
times the current occupational exposure limit of 25 microg/m3
were recorded after 20 minutes of continuous aspirator
operation(
219).
A buildup of amalgam contamination within the internal corrugated tubing
of the aspirator was found to be the main source of mercury vapor emissions
followed by particulate amalgam trapped within the vacuum motor. As the vacuum
motor heated up with run time, mercury vapor emissions increased. It was
found that the bacterial air exhaust filter (designed to clean the contaminated
waste air entering the surgery) offered no
protection to mercury vapor. Use of such measures along
with a Clean-
Up
TM
aspirator
tip was found to reduce exposure to patient and staff approximately 90%
(397).
3. Dentists were found to score significantly worse
than a comparable control group on neurobehavioral tests of motor speed, visual
scanning, and visuomotor coordination (69,70,123,249,290ab,395d,531,1b),
concentration, verbal memory, visual memory
(68,69,70,249,290ab,395,531,563,1b), and emotional/mood
tests(
70,249,290a,395,563,1b). Test
performance was found to be proportional to exposure/body levels of
mercury (68,70,249,290,395,1b). Significant
adverse neurobehavioral effects were found even for dental personnel receiving
low exposure levels (less than 4 ug/l Hg in urine) (70). This study was
for dental personnel having mercury excretion levels below the 10th percentile
of the overall dental population. Such levels are also common among the general
population of non- dental personnel with several fillings. This study used a
new methodology which used standard urine mercury levels as a measure of recent
exposure, and urine levels after chelation with a chemical, DMPS, to measure body
burden mercury levels. Thirty percent of dentists with more than
average exposure were found to have neuropathies and
visuographic dysfunction (395,392). Mercury exposure has been found to
often cause disability in dental workers (230b,392,395c,503,504a, etc.)
A large study at a Scottish
University found dentists had higher levels of mercury in their bodies,
compared with a sample group of academics (545). Researchers obtained
urine, hair and nail samples from 180 dentists in the west of Scotland and 180 academics
from the University of Glasgow. Levels of mercury were four
times higher on average among dentists compared with academics. The levels were
found to be strongly associated with the number of hours worked, the number of
fillings handled and the number of fillings they had themselves. There was
evidence the increased mercury exposure results in adverse effects. Dentists
were 10 times more likely to have sought medical treatment for kidney disorders
and three times more likely to have experienced fertility problems. There were
also more than twice as likely to have suffered from memory disturbances. These
are all problems known from other studies to be related to mercury
exposure. (Some discussions of study findings such as this make it
clear that many critics of such study findings do not understand the well
documented fact that effects of mercury at not strictly dose related and depend
on
susceptability
as well as
dose. A significant portion of the population are more immune
reactive or have less system ability to detoxify and excrete mercury than
others. (60). The fact that some
aren�t
significantly
affected by levels that disable others has been used
inappropritately
as
an argument against accepting consistent significant findings.
Chelators
like DMPS have been found after a fast to release mercury from
cells in tissue to be available for excretion. This method was found
to give enhanced precision and power to the results of the tests and
correlations. Even at the low levels of exposure of the subjects of
this study, there were clear demonstrated differences in test scores involving
memory, mood, and motor skills related to the level of exposure pre and
post chelation (290). Those with higher levels of mercury had
deficits in both memory, mood, and motor function compared to those with
lower exposure levels. And the plotted test results gave no
indication of there existing a threshold below effects were not measurable. Mood
scores including anger were found to correlate more strongly with pre chelation
urine mercury levels; while toxicity symptoms, concentration, memory(
vocabulary,word
), and motor
function correlated more strongly with post-chelation mercury
levels. Another study using DMPS challenge test found over 20 times
higher mercury excretion in dentists than in controls, indicating high body
burden of mercury compared to controls (491).
Many dentists have been documented to
suffer from mercury poisoning (6f,71,72,74,193,246,247,248,369,531) other than
the documented neurological effects, such as chronic fatigue, muscle pains,
stomach problems, tremors, motor effects, immune reactivity, contact dermatitis
etc. One of the common effects of chronic mercury exposure is
chronic fatigue due to immune system overload and activation. Many
studies have found this occurs frequently in dentists and dental staff along
with other related symptoms- lack of ability to concentrate, chronic muscular
pain, burnout, etc. (249,369,377,378,490,531,1b). In a group of dentists and
dental workers suffering from extreme fatigue and tested by the immune test
MELISA, 50% had autoimmune reaction to inorganic mercury and immune reactions
to other metals used in dentistry were also common (369). Tests of
controls did not find such immune reactions common. In another
study nearly 50 % of dental staff in a group tested had positive autoimmune ANA
titers compared to less than 1 % of the general population (35).
One dentist with severe symptoms
similar to
ALS improved after treatment for
mercury poisoning (246), and another with
Parkinsons
disease recovered after reduction of exposure and chelation (248). Similar
cases among those with other occupational exposure have been seen. A
survey of over 60,000 U.S. dentists and dental assistants with chronic exposure
to mercury vapor and anesthetics found increased health problems compared to
controls, including significantly higher liver, kidney, and neurological
diseases (99,193). A recent study in Scotland found similar results
(531). Other studies reviewed found increased rates of brain cancer
and allergies (99,193) and lupus (113,234a). Swedish male
dentists were found to have an elevated standardized mortality ratio compared
to other male academic groups (284). Dental workers and other workers
exposed to mercury vapor were found to have a shortening of visual evoked
potential latency and a decrease in amplitude, with magnitudes correlated with
urine excretion levels (190). Dentists were also found to have
a high incidence of radicular muscular neuralgia and peripheral
sensory degradation (190,395,490). In one study of dentists and
dental assistants, 50% reported significant irritability, 46% arthritic pains,
and 45% headaches(490a), while another study found selective atrophy of
muscle
fibre
in women dental workers(490b) and
in a third study, significant between-group differences were found in
current health symptom experience and reproductive health, especially early
hysterectomy experience. Reporting of Occupational Overuse Syndrome was
strongly positively correlated with years of work(490c).
In a study in Brazil (492), 62% of dental
workers had urine mercury levels over 10 mg/L, and indications of mild to
moderate mercury poisoning in 62% of workers. The most common
problems were related to the central nervous system. Recent studies
in Turkey(492b) found the dental staff group had higher whole blood (B-Hg)
and urine (U-Hg) Hg levels than the control group. The mean B-Hg value
was 2.18 nmol/l and U-Hg was 1.17 nmol/mmol creatinine. U-Hg had an
inverse relationship with logical memory (in WMS-R test) and total retention
score (in VTMP test), and a positive relationship with increased scores of
Anxiety and Psychoticism (in SCL-90-R). Dentists’ mercury levels in
urine were 3 times higher than controls(492c). A
study, reported in 2013, alarmingly high mercury
levels were observed in air (indoor as well as outdoor) at 11 of the 34
visited dental sites (17 dental teaching institutions, 7
general hospitals & 10 dental clinics) in five main cities of
Pakistan. 88% of the sites indicated indoor mercury levels in air above the USA
EPA reference level of 300 ng/m3(200a). The results of an Iraq dental clinic
study indicated that mercury vapor levels varied from
84.7 to
609.3 g/m
3
and most concentrations were above the occupational
exposure standards (200b). The results of the biochemical parameters showed a
significant increase in levels of cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in dental workers in comparison
with unexposed persons (control).
4. Both dental hygienists and patients get high doses of mercury
vapor when dental hygienists polish or use ultrasonic scalers on amalgam
surfaces (240,400,503c). Use of hydrogen peroxide or other bleaching
agents for teeth whitening in dental office or home bleaching products also
results in significant increases in release of mercury by amalgams
(505). Pregnant women or pregnant hygienist especially should avoid
these practices during pregnancy or while nursing since maternal mercury
exposure has been shown to affect the fetus and to be related to birth defects,
SIDS, (190, etc.)
(10,23,31c,37,38,110,142,146,401,19,31,50,190). Amalgam has been
shown to be the main source of mercury in most infants and breast milk, which
often contain higher mercury levels than in the
mothers
blood (20,61,112,186,287,190). Because of
high documented exposure levels when amalgam fillings are brushed
(182,222,348) dental hygienist are advised not to polish dental amalgams when
cleaning teeth. Likewise, exposure to EMF or Wi-fi increases mercury
exposure from amalgams (190). Face masks worn by dental workers filter
out only about 40% of
small dislodged
amalgam
particles from drilling or polishing, and very little mercury vapor (247a).
Dental staff have been found to have significantly higher prevalence of eye problems,
conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, and contact urticaria (247,156,74).
Finnish dental staff have the highest occupational risk of contact dermatitis
with 71% affected over time(247b) with plastics, rubber, and mercury the
most common causes of sensitization.
Korean dental technicians have a high incidence
of contact dermatitis, with dental metals the most common sensitizers. Over 25%
had contact dermatitis with over 10% sensitive to 5 metals, chromium, mercury,
nickel, cobalt, and palladium (247c). Another study found a high
prevalence of extrapyramidal signs and symptoms (tremor) in a group of male
dental technicians working in a state technical high school in Rome(247d).
An epidemiological survey conducted in
Lithuania on women working in dental offices (where Hg concentrations were
< 80 ug/M3) had increased incidence of spontaneous abortions and breast
pathologies that were directly related to the length of time on the
job(277a). A large U.S. survey also found higher spontaneous
abortion rate among dental assistants and wives of dentists (193), and two
other studies found an increased risk of spontaneous abortions and other
pregnancy complications among women working in dental surgeries(277bc). A study
of dentist and dental assistants in the Netherlands found 50% higher rates of
spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and congenital defects than for the
control group (394), with unusually high occurrence of spina bifida.
A study in Poland also found a significant positive association
between mercury levels and occurrence of reproductive failures and menstrual-
cycle
disorders, and
concluded dental work
to be an occupational hazard with respect to reproductive processes (401).
5. Body burden increases with time and older dentists have median
mercury urine levels about 4 times those of controls, as well as higher brain
and body burdens (1,34, 68-74,99), and poor performance on memory
tests(
68, 69,70,249,290a) Some older
dentists have mercury levels in some parts of the brain as much as 80 times higher
than normal levels(14,34,99). Dentists and dental personnel
experience significantly higher levels of neurological, memory,
musculoskeletal,
visiomotor
, mood, and
behavioral problems, which increase with years of exposure
(1,34,68-73,88,123,188,246,247,248,249,290a,395). Even dental
personnel with relatively low exposure (urine Hg<4 ug/l) were
found to have significant neurological effects (70) and was found to be
correlated with body burden of mercury. Most studies find dentists
have increased levels of irritability and tension (1,490,504b), high rates
of drug dependency and disability due to psychological problems(15,1b), and
higher suicide rates than the general white population (284,493,1b), but one
study found rates in same range as doctors.
6. Female dental technicians who work with amalgam tend to have
increased menstrual disturbances (275,401,10,38), significantly reduced
fertility and lowered probability of conception (10,24,38,121), increased
spontaneous abortions (10,31,38,277,433), and their children have significantly
lower average IQ compared to the general population
(1,279,541,38,110). Populations with only slightly
increased levels of mercury in hair had decreases in academic ability
(3). Effects are directly related to length of time on the job
(277). The level of mercury excreted in urine is significantly
higher for female dental assistants than dentists due to biological factors
(171,172,173,247,124a). Several dental assistants have been
diagnosed with mercury toxicity and some have died of related
health effects (32,245,246,247,248). From the
medical register of births since 1967 in Norway, it can be seen that dental
nurse/assistants have a clearly increased risk of having a deformed child or
spontaneous abortion (433). Female dentists have increased
rates of spontaneous abortion and perinatal mortality (193,38,10,433)),
compared to controls. A study in Poland found a much higher incidence of birth
defects among female dentist and dental assistants than
normal(
10). A
chronically ill dental nurse diagnosed with mercury sensitivity recovered after
replacement of fillings and changing
jobs(
60),
and a female dentist recovered from
Parkinson�s
after
mercury detox(248). Some studies have found increased risk of
lung, kidney, brain, skin melanoma, and CNS system cancers among
dental workers (14,34,99,143,283).
7.
Studies have
reported that inorganic mercury induces immunosuppression by decreasing the
production of thymus gland hormone (
thymulin
) and
causes other systemic
immune effects
(
495,etc.
) A
recent study(495a) found that dentists and dental nurses have increased
mercury exposure compared to controls and reduced thymus function.
8. Many homes of
dentists have been found to have high levels of mercury contamination used by
dentists bringing mercury home on shoes and clothes (188).
9. Nationwide the dental industry is the
third largest user of mercury, using over 45
tons of
mercury per year (26), and most of this mercury eventually ends up in the
environment. Amalgam from
dental offices is by far the largest contributor of
mercury
into sewers and sewer plants(84,13b,19,26), with mercury from replaced
amalgam
fillings and crown
bases
the largest source. As much
as 10% of prepared
new
amalgam becomes waste. This mercury also accumulates in building sewer
pipes and
septic tanks or drain fields where used, creating toxic liabilities.
Human excretion
into sewers by those with amalgam dental fillings along with
dental office amalgam waste
have
been documented to be the largest source of
mercury
into sewers and septic tanks in most areas. Much of the mercury is organic
mercury,
due to bacterial actions that methylate inorganic mercury to organic
(84). All
sewer plants in the U.S. have high levels of mercury and all sewer
sludge
has
dangerous levels of mercury (generally 1 to
3 ppm). Dental amalgam fillings are
a
major source of mercury
going into rivers, lakes, and bays, both from dental
offices
and human
wastes in home and office sewers.
Unlike most European countries
and Canada which have much more
stringent regulation of mercury that requires
amalgam separators in
dental offices (26,28,42), the U.S. does not,
and most dental offices do
not have them. The discharge
into sewers at a dental office per dentist
using amalgam without amalgam separators is
between 270 and 570
milligrams per day (84,26). For the
U.S. with approximately 170,000
dentists working with amalgam (26), this
would be approximately 16,000
kg/
yr
(or
slightly over 16 tons/year of mercury into sewers and thus into
streams, lakes, bays, and sewer
sludge. In Canada the annual amount
discharged is about 2 tons per year (28), with
portions ending up in
waters/fish, some in landfills and cropland,
and in air emissions. The
recently enacted regulations on dental office
waste are expected to reduce
emissions by at least 63% by 2005, compared to
2000 (28).
A study in Michigan estimated that dental mercury is
responsible for approximately 14 % of mercury discharged to streams (85). An
EPA study (13) found that dental office waste was responsible for similar
levels of mercury in lakes, bays, and streams in other areas throughout the
U.S. A Canadian study found similar levels of mercury contribution
from dental offices into lakes and streams, and surveys of dental office
disposal practices found the majority violated disposal regulations, and
dangerous levels of mercury are accumulating in pipes and septic tanks from
many offices (19,41,26).
The total discharge into sewers from
dental amalgam at individual homes and businesses is almost as large as that
from dental offices, since the average person with amalgam fillings excretes in
body waste approx. 100 micrograms per day of mercury (86,87,89,520). This
has also been confirmed by medical labs(13c), such as Doctors Data Lab in
Chicago and
Biospectron
in Sweden, which do
thousands of stool tests per year and is consistent with studies measuring
levels in
residentalsewers
by
municipalities(13b). In the U.S. this would amount to
approximately 7300 kilograms per year into sewers or over 8 tons per
year.
Thus
the amount of mercury being
excreted from dental amalgam is more than enough to cause dangerous levels of
mercury in fish in most U.S. streams into which sewers
empty. Studies by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (U.S. Dept. of
Energy) and other studies have confirmed high levels of mercury in sewers and
sewer sludge (42,43). According to an EPA study the majority
of U.S. sewerage plants cannot meet the new EPA guideline for mercury discharge
into waterways that was designed to prevent bioaccumulation in fish and
wildlife due to household sewer mercury levels (15,13). Over 3 tons of mercury
flows into the Chesapeake Bay annually from sewer plants, with numerous
resulting fish consumption advisories for that area and similar for other areas
(17). The EPA discharge rule had been reduced due to a
National Academy of Sciences report of July 2000 that found that even small
levels of mercury in fish result in unacceptable risks of birth defects and
developmental effects in infants (18).
10.
Chapter 6 of the book
Accidental
Blowup in Medicine
by Dr. Simon Yu documents and deals with the huge
harm and deaths caused by the brainwashing and poor training among the dental
establishment and dentists for diagnosing the
huge number of patients and dental staff
with chronic dental-problem related dental and health problems, caused by
failure to properly acknowledge, test, and treat the millions of such patients
caused by harmful dental practices and materials. This has also been pointed
out by many other knowledgeable doctors who test and treat such conditions.
Millions with chronic dental problem- related
conditions are a large part of the huge portion of people with chronic health
problems in the category of medically undiagnosed symptoms (MUS) that the
medical and dental establishment were unable to diagnose and treat properly-
due to poor training and understanding of chronic health problems and the
influence of chronic undiagnosed dental problems on these patients. Such MUS
conditions also includes most chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as
MS
,
Parkinsons
,
Alz
,
CFS, FM
,
Autism Spectrum Disorders
,
Mood Disorders
,
Lyme Disease
, etc. The primary
chronic undiagnosed Dental Health Problems include
Root-Canaled Teeth
and Jawbone
Cavitation
infections,
Amalgam Fillings and Gold Crowns
,
Metal Galvanism
,
dental office air mercury exposure
,
dental office sewer mercury
contamination of water bodies
, and
EMF
related problems.
As seen in the above documentation,
the majority of
such patients recover or significantly
improve after proper testing and treatment.
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