Autism and Schizophrenia subgroup related to blockage by toxic
exposures of enzymes processing gluten and
casein
, B.
Windham (Ed), 2014
(affects at least 65%
of autistic children (100) and many ADHD) (overlaps with other mechanisms
documented in (110))
I.
Gluteomorphins
(glia)
and
Casomorphins
Traditional bread produces compounds
called
gluteo
morphins
.
And as their name implies, these compounds engage
opioid receptors
in your brain � the same
receptors triggered by drugs like morphine and heroin. Very similar compounds,
called
caso
morphins
,
are found in cheese.
Wheat including so-called healthy whole wheat spikes your blood
sugar more than most foods
.
That is because
most of the carbohydrates in wheat are in the form
a
mylopectin
A which
is unique because of how rapidly it is transformed to
glucose. According to research published in the
American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2)
, eating just two slices of
whole wheat bread
spikes your blood sugar more
than drinking a can of soda
,
eating a candy bar or helping
yourself to six teaspoons of table sugar. But it is
not
just one single protein in
wheat that causes reactions in people
(3).
Gluteomorhin
(
Gliadorphin) is a peptide that is seven amino acids long
. DPP IV is used in two different
steps of gliadorphin metabolism as it cleaves peptides which have proline in
the second position. In the first step, DPP IV cleaves the
tyr
pho
segment off the beginning of the
gluteomorphin
peptide.
This leaves a peptide with the sequence
gln
pro
gln
pro
phe
and DPP IV
acts a second time to cleave the
gln
pro,
leaving
gln
pro
phe
.
the
remaining
gln
� pro
phe
tripeptide is an inhibitor of DPP IV. Instead of
being acted on a third time by this enzyme, this tripeptide actually
inhibits
the action of DPP IV. This results in the
inactivation of DPP IV and an impaired ability to break down further
gluteomorphins
. As a result,
gluteomorphins
may
build up to high levels because of the inhibitory effect of the
gln
� pro �
phe
tripeptide
on DPP IV. (3b)
Gluteomorphins
result
from incomplete digestion of the gluten protein (29). This impaired
ability to fully digest gluten is caused by inadequate levels of the enzyme
that cleaves
gluteomorphin
peptides into
smaller peptides. This enzyme is called
dipeptyl
peptidase
IV,
these peptides are opioid-like
compounds that behave much like morphine in the brain.
Another peptide
similar in both structure and effect to gliadorphin is
caseomorphin
,
also a morphine-like compound that results from incomplete breakdown of casein,
a milk protein found in many dairy products. DPP IV also acts on
caseomorphin
, which is also a seven amino acid peptide with
proline in the same positions.
Caseomorphin
metabolized
by DPP IV meets the same fate as gliadorphin. After being cleaved twice, a
tripeptide with proline in the center position remains, which inhibits DPP IV
just like the tripeptide that results from
gluteomorphin
metabolism.
Caseomorphin
is also picked up on opioid receptors in
the brain and produces similar mind-altering effects and withdrawal
symptoms. (4a) Because casein can cause the same production of
morphine-like compounds, a dairy free diet is often also recommended for
children with autism and can greatly reduce symptoms in children for whom
caseomorphin
is playing a role (29).
Children with
autism
have abnormal leakage from the gut of
gliadorphin (29); and
abnormally
high levels of gliadorphin have been found in the urine of autistic children
via mass spectrometry testing (2).
The DPP IV enzyme does not just catalyze
gluteomorphins
. It is also a regulator of many other
peptides processes in the body and a deficiency of DPP IV can interfere with
the action of these peptides(29a). Some relate to digestion directly, including
Peptide YY, Pancreatic polypeptide and Substance P. Other peptides that rely on
DPP IV regulate immune function and inflammatory response, including
Neuropeptide Y and
Interleukens
1b, 2, 3,
5, 8, 10, 11 and 13. Depressed levels of DPP IV may lead to problems with these
peptides being activated and deactivated. In addition to autism, other mental
illnesses are associated with altered levels of DPP IV, in some cases elevated
and in others depressed. For example, low levels of DPP IV are found in people
suffering from major depression (5a& and also in alcoholics,
including recovered alcoholics who have been abstinent from alcohol for some
time. (5b) Low levels are also commonly found in celiac
disease, (5c) rheumatoid arthritis, (5d) and
anorexia. (5e) Conversely, high levels of DPP IV are found in
patients with schizophrenia. (5b)
Gelatin, especially hydrolyzed gelatin, has
been shown to trigger autistic symptom in susceptible children. The MMR vaccine
has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of DPP IV due to its hydrolyzed gelatin
content. Hydrolysis results in tripeptides with proline in the second position,
similar to the tripeptides that result from
gluteomorphinmetabolism
that inhibit DPP IV (29a). Opiate-blocking drugs like naltrexone can decrease
the severity of autistic symptoms. Because naltrexone blocks the effects of
opioids on the brain and
gluteomorphins
behave
like opioids to exacerbate autistic symptoms, naltrexone appears to alleviate
symptoms of autism by blocking opioids from acting on the brain. (6)
Genetic deficiencies in DPP IV may contribute
to the formation of
gluteomorphins
. Autistic
children are thought to be deficient in DPP IV, which leads to high levels
of
gluteomorphins
in children who consume
gluten.
Gluteomorphins
have also been found
in the urine of autistic children. Because
gluteomorphins
are
made from dietary gluten and inhibit DPP IV, which may already be low in
autistic children, a gluten free diet is often recommended for autistic
children and can reduce autistic symptoms considerably(29a).
Candida albicans is a pathogenic
yeast normally present in small quantities in the intestines. In healthy
individuals, candida levels are kept at bay by beneficial bacteria. But when
those friendly bacteria are low or wiped out by antibiotic use, candida can
proliferate out of control. One common result of a candida overgrowth is a
reduction in hydrochloric acid production in the stomach, called
hypochlorhydria. Adequate levels of hydrochloric �stomach acid� are necessary
for the beginning stages of protein digestion. Without adequate stomach acid,
proteins like gluten and casein may not be digested properly. Strong stomach
acid initiates a series of digestive cascades that turn on many other digestive
processes. Pepsin, which is also required to digest proteins like gluten,
relies on adequate stomach acid for activation. If stomach acid is inadequate,
pepsin is not activated, and gluten metabolism suffers. Another component of
digestion that relies on adequate stomach acid is the secretion of pancreatic enzymes
like secretin that help digest food. When stomach acid is low, these enzymes
are not released into the small intestine to help with digestion and the
ability to digest proteins like gluten is impaired.
Confirmed Adverse Health Effects of Glutens
Lymphoma, Thrombosis, Myocarditis, Diabetes, Autism, Neuropathy, Ataxia, Multiple Sclerosis, Allergy, Asthma, Autoimmune Disease, Dermatitis, Thyroiditis, Obesity, Hepatitis, Arthritis, Osteoporisis , Anemia, Infertility, Autoimmunity, Nephropathy, Renal Disease, Uvietis , Colitis, Crohn Disease, Pancreatitis, Psychosis)
Both girls who had severe cases
showed huge improvements after lifestyle changes and detoxification. 2024
A third cause of impaired protein digestion
is
dysbiosis,
an unhealthy condition in the intestines.
Dysbiosis can lead to overgrowths like candida and also plays a direct role in
the final stages of gluten breakdown which takes place lower in the intestines.
Imbalances in gut flora inhibit the
body�s
ability to
cleave short
gluteomorphin
peptides into
their individual amino acids.
II.
Enzymatic Inhibition by
mercury (and other toxic metals)
A direct mechanism involving
mercury�s
inhibition of cellular enzymatic processes by
binding with the hydroxyl radical (SH) in amino acids appears to be a major
part of the connection to allergic/immune reactive conditions
(15-23,28,36,47,51,98). For example mercury has been found to strongly
inhibit
the activity
of xanthine oxidase(16) and
dipeptyl
peptidase
(DPP IV) which are required in the digestion of the wheat protein gluten or the
milk protein casein (15,17,19,20,22a,24,-26,31,98, 105) - the same protein
that is cluster differentiation antigen 26 (CD26) which helps T lymphocyte
activation. CD26 or DPPIV is a cell surface glycoprotein that is very
susceptible to inactivation by mercury binding to
its cysteinyl domain. Mercury and other toxic metals also inhibit
binding of opioid receptor agonists to opioid receptors,
while magnesium stimulates binding to opioid receptors (15). Studies
involving a large sample of patients with autism, schizophrenia, or mania
found that over 90 % of those tested had high levels of the milk protein
beta-casomorphine-7 in their blood and urine and defective enzymatic processes
for digesting milk protein (24,25,27), and similarly for the corresponding
enzyme needed to digest wheat gluten (24,26). Like casein, gluten breaks
down into molecules with opioid traits, called
gluteomorphine
. As with
caseomorphin
,
it too can retain biological activity if the enzymes needed to digest it are
not functioning properly
.
Proteins in bovine
milk are a common source of bioactive peptides. The peptides are released by
the digestion of caseins and whey proteins (105). In vitro the
bioactive peptide beta-
casomorphin
7 (BCM-7) is
yielded by the successive gastrointestinal proteolytic digestion of
bovine beta-casein variants A1 and B, but this was not seen in variant A2 or in
goat’s milk. In
hydrolysed
milk with
variant A1 of beta-casein, BCM-7 level is 4-fold higher than in A2
milk. Variants A1 and A2 of beta-casein are common among many dairy
cattle breeds. A1 is the most frequent in Holstein-Friesian
(0.3100.660), Ayrshire (0.4320.720) and Red (0.710) cattle. In
contrast, a high frequency of A2 is observed in Guernsey (0.8800.970)
and Jersey (0.4900.721) cattle (105). In children with autism,
most of whom have been found to have been exposed to high levels of toxic
metals through vaccines, mother’s dental amalgams, or other
sources; higher levels of BCM-7 is found in the blood (24-26).
BCM-7 appears to
play a significant role in the
aetiology
of
human diseases including diabetes, immune, neurological,
and cardiovascular (105,106). Epidemiological evidence from New
Zealandclaims
that consumption of beta-casein A1 is
associated with higher national mortality rates from
ischaemic
heart
disease. It appears that the populations that consume milk containing high
levels of beta-casein A2 have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and
type 1 diabetes. Beta-casomorphin-7 has opioid properties
including immunosuppression, which account for the
specificity of the relation between the consumption of some but not all
beta-casein variants and diabetes incidence. BCM-7 has also been
suggested as a possible cause of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In
addition, neurological disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia, appear to
be associated with milk consumption and a higher level of BCM-7 (105,106).
The studies also found high levels
of Ig A antigen specific antibodies for
casein, lactalbumin and
beta-lactoglobulin and IgG and IgM for
casein. Beta-casomorphine-7 is a morphine like
compound that results in neural disfunction (24,25), as well as being
a direct histamine releaser in humans and inducing skin reactions
(14,21,25c). Similarly, many also had a corresponding
form of gluten protein with similar effects
(24,26). Elimination of milk and wheat products and sulfur
foods from the diet has been found to improve the condition
of ASD children (100,28, etc.). A double- blind study
using a potent opiate antagonist, naltrexone (NAL), produced significant
reduction in autistic symptomology among the 56% most responsive to opioid effects
(28). The behavioral improvements were accompanied by
alterations in the distribution of the major lymphocyte subsets, with a
significant increase in the T-helper-inducers and a significant reduction of
the T-cytotoxic-suppressors and a normalization of the CD4/CD8 ratio. Studies
have found mercury causes increased levels of the CD8 T-cytotoxic-suppressors
(29). As noted previously, such populations of patients have
also been found to have high levels of mercury and to recover after mercury
detoxification (23,11,22a,30,40,96,100). As mercury levels are
reduced the protein binding is reduced and improvement in the enzymatic
process occurs(22a,11,96).
II.
Lactose Intolerance
Lactose (milk
sugar), which is a major component of milk, is a disaccharide sugar made up of
the simple
sugars
glucose and galactose
(1). Lactase is an enzyme which facilitates digestion of
lactose. Over 50% of non-Caucasians are lactose intolerant, to a
significant degree and about 20% of Caucasians. Infants are most lactose- tolerant
but lactase activity declines dramatically over time so that by adulthood to
about 5 to 10 % of the level of infants. Only a relatively small percentage of
people retain enough lactase activity to absorb significant amounts of lactose
throughout their adult life (1). Lactose intolerance results in undigested
lactose in the intestines which often causes gas, bloating, abdominal
discomfort, and proliferation of bacteria in the intestines. In addition to
inhibiting the enzymes required to digest milk casein and whey, chronic mercury
exposure in animals has also been found to inhibit lactase and
glucose-6-phosphatase needed to digest lactose and other polysaccharides (31).
Thus, chronic exposure to mercury and toxic metals also increases lactose
intolerance and digestion problems of carbohydrates in general. Digestive
problems have been found to
commonly be improved
by reducing
chronic mercury and toxic metal exposures.
Lactose intolerance
can also be alleviated to some degree by supplemental enzymes, using fermented
milk products such as yogurt or kefir, or using only small amounts of milk
products spread throughout the day (1).
A new study
has found that there has been a significant increase in another gluten related
condition in the last 50 years celiac disease (32). The researchers showed that
the presence of undiagnosed celiac disease was 4 to 4.5-fold greater in the
more recent subject group compared to an earlier Warren Air Force Base
group. This study indicates that the rise in the prevalence of
celiac disease over the last 50 years is not simply due to increased awareness
and better diagnostic tests for this condition. Additionally, the fact that the
mortality rate of undiagnosed celiac disease is almost 4-fold higher than for
those without the condition suggests that screening for celiac disease instead
of waiting for a patient to complain of symptoms may be warranted. A positive
test result should be confirmed before undergoing a gluten-free diet. The study
authors concluded,
During
45 years of follow-up,
undiagnosed celiac disease was associated with a nearly 4-fold increased risk
of death. The prevalence of undiagnosed celiac disease seems to have increased
dramatically in the United States during the past 50 years. Studies have
also found that untreated celiac disease can result in infertility, spontaneous
abortions, and birth defects, along with other reproductive system problems
(10).
Altered porphyrins by mercury
exposure is another mechanism that mercury has been shown to cause problems and
symptoms seen in autism (7,9c). Mercury has been well documented to cause
neurological
,
mood and behavioral
problems for
children and others(8,9, etc.) Mercury also has additive and
synergistic
effects with
other toxic metals and toxins so lower exposure levels of each can produce
significant damage (9).
Susceptibility
factors
also reduce some people’s ability to detoxify mercury and
other toxins, making some more affected by toxic exposures.
The papers discussed here show some
of the ways that mercury can cause or be a factor in autism and other
neurological conditions.
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