The Harm Caused by the
Covid Vaccine Spike Protein
(
Pubmed
autopsies & studies)
(
Studies
indicate harm is common with warnings of inadequate clinical trial methodology
or
proceedurres
)
war
Autopsy-based
histopathological characterization of myocarditis after
anti-SARS-CoV-2-vaccination
(autopsies of 25 patients dying suddenly in
3-week period after vaccination- cause of death myocarditis or
acute
arrhythmogenic cardiac failure. Conclusion:
myocarditis can be a potentially
lethal complication following mRNA-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.)
A
postmortem study of patients vaccinated for SARS-CoV-2 in Colombia
(121
autopsies, mostly Sinovac vaccine
: Sudden cardiac death was the leading cause
of death (53%), with
acute myocardial infarction (
44%),
and
other
cardiovascular diseases (23%) (aortic dissection, aortic aneurysms,
arrhythmias).
The study’s rigorous
methodology included a thorough screening process, resulting in the inclusion
of 44 papers containing 325 autopsy cases and one necropsy case.
Three independent physicians reviewed each case, adjudicating whether
COVID-19 vaccination was the direct cause or significantly contributed to
death.
We found that 73.9% of deaths were directly due to or significantly
contributed to by COVID-19 vaccination.
The
cardiovascular system
emerged as the most frequently implicated organ system,
accounting for
49%
of cases. This was followed by hematological (17%),
respiratory (11%), and multiple organ systems (7%). Notably, 21 cases showed
involvement of three or more organ systems, suggesting widespread systemic
effects in some individuals.
The
primary
causes of death
included:
Sudden cardiac death (35%)
,
Pulmonary
embolism (12.5%)
, Myocardial infarction (12%), Vaccine-induced immune
thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) (7.9%), Myocarditis (7.1%), Multisystem
inflammatory syndrome (4.6%), Cerebral hemorrhage (3.8%)
Findings:
The most implicated organ
system in COVID-19 vaccine-associated death was the cardiovascular system
(53%), followed by the hematological system (17%), the respiratory system (8%),
and multiple organ systems (7%). Three or more organ systems were affected in
21 cases. The mean time from vaccination to death was 14.3 days. Most deaths
occurred within a week from last vaccine administration. A total of 240 deaths
(73.9%) were independently adjudicated as directly due to or significantly
contributed to by COVID-19 vaccination.
The consistency seen among cases in this review
with known COVID-19 vaccine adverse events, their mechanisms, and related
excess death, coupled with autopsy confirmation and physician-led death
adjudication, suggests there is a high likelihood of a causal link between
COVID-19 vaccines and death in most cases.
Peer-Reviewed,
Published
:
Autopsy
Findings in Cases of Fatal COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Myocarditis
Paper
reports on
28 cases of COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis and concluded based on the
pathologic findings that death was caused by the injection.
CVaxHPM
Reports
Of Autopsies
In
VAERS And Associated Adverse Events
Linked To Cause Of Death
and state.
Millions of individuals with the help of their doctors have reported adverse
events (AEs) using the CDC Vaccine Adverse Events Reports System (VAERS). VAERS
data was used to examine the frequency of reporting of general AES, and
specific AEs linked to autopsy reports since the beginning of the COVID-19 mass
injection campaign, up to and including July 2024
11%, 12% and 16%, 30% of these reports are associated with myocarditis,
cardiac arrest, pulmonary embolism (PE), and other Cardiovascular or Vascular
respectively.
Even though there is a 1,714% increase in absolute count of autopsies in
VAERS when comparing Influenza vaccine to COVID-19 injectable product reports,
there is a 77.6% decrease in the rate of autopsy reporting in the context of
deaths. 69% (N=262) of autopsy-linked VAERS reports in the context of COVID-19
injections involve cardiovascular AEs, since the Government Health Agencies
strongly discouraged the use of Autopsies of deaths and significant injuries reported
as due to Vaccines.
to cover up the huge toll of vaccine harm from the public.
Disclosure would have hindered vaccination rates, cost the Pharmaceuticals
of lot of profit, and saved a lot of public harm. A similar percent of Flu
autopsies was due to cardiovascular but few of them due to myocarditis or
cardia arrest.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
International Journal of Infectious Disease
revealed
the shocking autopsy of a Covid-19 vaccinated
patient:-
Pubmed
-
[Hansen T,
Titze
U,
Kulamadayil
-Heidenreich NSA,
Glombitza
S,
Tebbe
JJ,
Röcken
C, Schulz
B, Weise M, Wilkens L. First case of postmortem study in a patient vaccinated
against SARS-CoV-2. Int J Infect Dis. 2021
Jun;107:172
-175.
doi
: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.053.
Epub
2021
Apr 16
.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33872783/
]
A
previously symptomless 86-year-old man received the first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA
COVID-19 vaccine. He died 4 weeks later from acute renal and respiratory
failure. Although he did not present with any COVID-19-specific symptoms, he
tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 before he died. Spike protein (S1)
antigen-binding showed significant levels for immunoglobulin (Ig) G, while
nucleocapsid IgG/IgM was not elicited. Acute bronchopneumonia and tubular
failure were assigned as the cause of death at autopsy; however, we did not
observe any characteristic morphological features of COVID-19. Postmortem
molecular mapping by real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed relevant
SARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold values in all organs examined (oropharynx, olfactory
mucosa, trachea, lungs, heart,
kidney
and cerebrum)
except for the liver and olfactory bulb. These results might suggest that the
first vaccination induces immunogenicity but not sterile immunity.
Autopsy of man who died after 3 covid vaccine shots
Doctors
found
an
abundant spike protein in the man’s heart and brain tissues. Importantly,
spike protein could only be demonstrated in the areas with acute inflammatory
reactions (brain, heart, and blood vessels) … This is strongly suggestive that
the spike protein may have played at least a contributing role to the
development of the lesions and the course of the disease in this patient,
doctors wrote.
Joomi
Substack
October 4,
2022
Dr. Arne
Burkhardt is one of eight international pathologists, physicians and scientists
who were asked to
perform a second autopsy, requested by friends and family of the deceased who
were not satisfied with the results of the first autopsy.
18 autopsies
and three biopsies were evaluated: 15 cases with routine histopathology (Step
1), three with advanced methods (Step 2)
Death
occurred seven days to 180 days following the first or the second
Spike-Mediated Gene Therapy (SMGT) with COMIRNATY in eight, Moderna in two,
AstraZeneca in two, Janssen in one and Unknown in two.
Causation by
SMGT: Very probable in five cases, probable in seven, unclear in two and no
connection in one.
Lesions were
on multiple organs
including:
Brain, Heart, Kidney,
Liver, Lungs, Lymph Node, Salivary Gland, Skin, Spleen, Testis, Thyroid and
Vascular. Lymphocyte Infiltration, present in 14 of 20 cases (70%), was a
common feature and involved multiple organs. Case 19 had at least five
different organs involved. CD3+ Lymphocytes were dominant.
The Vascular
System was targeted by Lymphocyte Infiltration in seven (35%) of the cases and
included sloughing endothelium, destruction of the vessel wall,
hemorrhage
and thrombosis. Five cases of unknown foreign
material in blood vessels were identified. The favored explanation for origin
of this material was aggregated Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs).
Multiple
pathologic processes were involved: Apoptosis, Coagulopathy,
Clotting/Infarction, Infiltration/Mass Formation, Inflammation, Lysis, Necrosis
and Neoplasia.
Röltgen
, et al.
https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(22)00076-9
found that COVID-19 depleted Lymphatic Germinal Centers (LGCs) whereas SMGT
stimulated them, suggesting a possible origin of “Hunter/Killer” CD3+
Lymphocytes that are attracted to certain tissues, particularly the vascular
system.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
36 Surveys of Side Effects Following Vaccination Showing Shocking Rates of *SEVERE* Adverse Events (Most posted in PubMed)
(0.1%
AE gives 5.5 million worldwide) (2% AE gives 110,000 million worldwide)
Per
Survey Averages for Acute AEs, at least 5% reported severe AEs and .7% reported
critical condition (life threatening). For young adults, over 2% reported
severe effects and over 20% reported reduced quality of life after vaccination.
This would represent over 275,000 million severe cases worldwide and over 40.5
million critical cases. Some of the higher quality surveys with more question
specificity imply severe AEs could be much higher than this number. For young
adults, the surveys indicate many million with severe effects or reduced
quality of life. For those with previous Covid infection, the rates of AEs were
at least double those uninfected. This does not include most vaccinated related
deaths, autoimmune conditions, and cancer which evidence indicates may be the
biggest problem long term.
Neurological
Immune-Related Adverse Events After COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review
J Clin
Pharmacol
2022 Mar;62(3):291-303.
This
review
included 61 patients who had received COVID-19
vaccines and experienced at least 1 neurological adverse effect. The most
common neurological event was facial nerve palsy (50% of all events). Other
less frequently reported events included the reactivation of herpes zoster,
Guillain-Barre syndrome, other demyelinating diseases, and neuropathy. The
underlying mechanism was hypothesized to be related to vaccine-induced type 1
interferon production leading to decreased tolerance of the myelin sheath antigens.
Neurological
side effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations
, Acta Neurol
Scand.
2022 Jan;145(1):5-9.
The most frequent serious neurological side
effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), venous sinus
thrombosis (VST), and transverse myelitis. Safety concerns against SARS-CoV-2
vaccines are backed by an increasing number of studies reporting neurological
side effects.
J Neurol
Sci
2021
Sep 15
Out of 49 cases reviewed
,
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and/or Subarachnoid
hemorrhage (SAH) were reported in 49% of the patients. The platelet count of
the patients was between 5 and 127 cells×10
9
/l, PF4 IgG Assay and
d-Dimer were positive in
the majority of
the reported cases.
Among 49 patients with CVST,
at least 19 patients died (39%)
due to
complications of CVST and VITT.
Immune thrombocytopenia in a 22-year-old post
Covid-19 vaccine
.
Tarawneh
O,
Tarawneh
H. Am J
Hematol
. 2021
May 1;96(5
):E
133-E134.
doi
:
10.1002/ajh.26106.
Epub
2021 Feb 11. PMID: 33476455;
PMCID: PMC8014773.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33476455/
&
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajh.26106
A 22-year-old healthy male with no medication use received
the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT16B2b2 mRNA vaccine through his work as an emergency
department employee. On day three, post-vaccination, he experienced widespread
petechiae (Figure
1
) and gum bleeding, which prompted
his presentation. He was current on his vaccines, including yearly influenza,
with no history of adverse reactions. He denied respiratory and
gastrointestinal complaints or a history of infection. He had no personal or family
history of bleeding or autoimmune disease. Vital signs and the remainder of his
exam were normal. Laboratory tests revealed normal white-cell count,
hemoglobin, and severe thrombocytopenia with a platelet count of 2
×
10
9
/L.
(
others
have been documented with this problem)
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura and acute liver
injury after COVID-19 vaccine. BMJ Case Rep. 2021 Jul 30;14(7), Hines A, Shen
JG,
Olazagasti
C, Shams S.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34330722/
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura after
Ad26.COV2-S Vaccination. Am J
Emerg
Med. 2021 May 4;
49:441. Yocum A, Simon EL.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33980419/
(
dozens
of cases
reported)
Cases of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis with
Thrombocytopenia after Receipt of the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 Vaccine,
Health Alert Network,
https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2021/han00442.asp
Thrombocytopenia
following Pfizer and Moderna SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, American Journal of
Hematology,
Volume
96
,
Issue
5
,
1
May 2021,
Pages
534-537;
Eun
-Ju
Lee, Douglas B Cines, et al. (4)
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajh.26132
https://journals.lww.com
›
oaks.journals
›
downloadpdf
[COVID-19 vaccine and anticoagulation patients
at high cardiovascular risk.
SEMERGEN
recommendations].
Pallarés-Carratalá
V, Polo García
J, Martín
Rioboo
E,
Ruíz
García A, Serrano-
Cumplido
A, Barrios V;
en
nombre
del Grupo de
trabajo
de
Hipertensión
y
Enfermedad
Cardiovascular de SEMERGEN.
Vacuna
COVID-19 y
pacientes
anticoagulados
por
alto
riesgo
cardiovascular.
Recomendaciones
SEMERGEN
Semergen
. 2021 Jan-Feb;47(1):1-3. Spanish.
doi
:
New-Onset IgA
nephropathy Following COVID-19 Vaccination
QJM,
2022
Aug 3.
Recently, there
have been increasing reports of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (
IgAN
) after COVID-19
vaccination
Autoimmune
inflammatory rheumatic diseases post-COVID-19 vaccination
Int
Immunpharmacol
2022
Sep;110:109061
.
The
most commonly used
vaccines in patients reviewed were
Sinopharm [7 cases (50%)] and AstraZeneca [6 cases (42.9%)]. ARDs were
significantly more common in subjects who received the AstraZeneca vaccine than
in those who received other vaccines. Based on the results, patients were
diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis or one of its subtypes (5 cases),
vasculitis (4 cases), systemic lupus erythematosus (3 cases), and peripheral
seronegative
spondyloarthritis
(2 cases).
Development of Graves' Disease
After SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination: A Case Report and Literature Review
Front Public Health
2021 Nov
23;9:778964
.
Mounting
evidence has revealed the interrelationship between thyroid and severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to explain the thyroid
dysfunction and autoimmune thyroid disorders observed after coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19) or after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
We report a
case of a 40-year-old Chinese woman who developed Graves' disease after
BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine.
She developed
thyrotoxicosis and was diagnosed to have Graves' disease 5 weeks after the
second dose of vaccine, with positive thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin level,
diffuse goiter with hypervascularity on thyroid ultrasonography and diffusely
increased thyroid uptake on technetium thyroid scan. Both anti-thyroid
peroxidase and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies became positive.
Literature search revealed four cases
of Graves' disease after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, all after mRNA vaccines; and
nine cases of subacute thyroiditis, after different types of SARS-CoV-2
vaccines.
Ocular Adverse Events After COVID-19 Vaccination
Ocular adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccinations
include facial nerve palsy, abducens nerve palsy, acute macular
neuroretinopathy
, central serous retinopathy, thrombosis,
uveitis, multiple evanescent white dot syndrome, Vogt-
Koyanagi
-Harada
disease reactivation, and new-onset Graves' Disease.
Adverse effects of COVID-19
vaccines and measures to prevent them
Recently, The Lancet published a study on the effectiveness of
COVID-19 vaccines and the waning of immunity with time. The study showed that
immune
function among vaccinated individuals 8 months after the administration of two
doses of COVID-19 vaccine was lower than that among the unvaccinated
individuals.
According to European Medicines Agency recommendations,
frequent
COVID-19 booster shots could adversely affect the immune response and may not
be feasible.
The decrease in immunity can be caused by several factors such
as N1-methylpseudouridine, the spike protein, lipid nanoparticles,
antibody-dependent enhancement, and the original antigenic stimulus. These
clinical alterations may explain the
association reported between COVID-19
vaccination and shingles
. As a safety measure, further booster vaccinations
should be discontinued.
Spectrum
of neurological complications following COVID-19 vaccination
Post-authorization, a wide spectrum of neurological complications
is continuously being reported following COVID-19 vaccination. The most
devastating neurological post-vaccination complication is cerebral venous sinus
thrombosis. Cerebral venous sinus is frequently reported in females of
childbearing age, generally following adenovector-based vaccination. Another
major neurological complication of concern is Bell's palsy that was reported
dominantly following mRNA vaccine administration. Acute transverse myelitis,
acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and acute demyelinating polyneuropathy
are other unexpected neurological adverse events that occur as result of
phenomenon of molecular mimicry. Reactivation of herpes zoster in many persons,
following administration of mRNA vaccines, has been also recorded.
New-onset
autoimmune phenomena post-COVID-19 vaccination
New-onset autoimmune phenomena after COVID-19 vaccination have
been reported increasingly (
e.g.
immune thrombotic
thrombocytopenia, autoimmune liver diseases, Guillain-Barré syndrome, IgA
nephropathy, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus). Molecular
mimicry, the production of particular autoantibodies and the role of certain
vaccine adjuvants seem to be substantial contributors to autoimmune
phenomena
Sudden
sensorineural hearing loss after COVID-19 vaccination
Serious adverse events including Guillain-Barré syndrome,
thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome, and myocarditis after COVID-19
vaccinations have been reported. Otolaryngologic adverse events after COVID-19
vaccination were reported, including several cases of sudden sensorineural
hearing loss (SSNHL). We report three patients with SSNHL within three days
after COVID-19 vaccination and consider an association between them.
Delayed headache after COVID-19 vaccination: a red
flag for vaccine induced cerebral venous thrombosis
J Headache Pain,
2021 Sep
17;22(1):108.
Delayed onset of headache
following an adenovirus vector-based COVID-19
vaccine is
associated with development of CVT
. Patients with new-onset headache,
1 week after vaccination with an adenovirus vector-based vaccine, should
receive a thorough clinical evaluation and CVT must be ruled out.
There is
significant risk of ADE in Covid Vaccines that was not adequate advised of
during clinical trials & has not been adequately investigated.
------------------------------------
Informed consent disclosure to vaccine trial subjects of risk of
COVID-19 vaccines worsening clinical disease.
Cardozo T,
Veazey
R. Int J Clin
Pract
. 2021 Mar;75(3
):e
13795.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33113270/
Conclusions drawn from the study
and clinical implications:
The specific
and significant COVID-19 risk of ADE should have been and should be prominently
and independently disclosed to research subjecSARS-CoV-2
Out of the frying pan and into the fire? Due diligence warranted for ADE
in COVID-19.
Coish
JM,
MacNeil AJ.
Microbes Infect. 2020 Oct;22(9):405-406.
doi
:
10.1016/j.micinf.2020.06.006.
Epub
2020 Jun 24. PMID:
32590062; PMCID: PMC7311339. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32590062/
Antibody-dependent enhancement
(ADE)
is an
atypical immunological paradox commonly associated with dengue virus
re-infection. However,
various research models have demonstrated this
phenomenon with other viral families, including
Coronaviridae
.
Recently, ADE in SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as one hypothesis to explain severe
clinical manifestations. Whether SARS-CoV-2 is augmented by ADE remains
undetermined and has therefore garnered criticism for the improper attribution
of the phenomenon to the pandemic. Thus,
critical evaluation of ADE in
SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development will be indispensable to avoid a global setback
and the erosion of public trust
.
----------------------------------------
Halstead SB,
Katzelnick
L. COVID-19 Vaccines:
Should We Fear ADE? J Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 13;222(12):1946-1950.
doi
: 10.1093/
infdis
/jiaa518.
PMID: 32785649; PMCID: PMC7454712.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32785649/
Live virus challenge of animals
given SARS or MERS vaccines resulted in vaccine hypersensitivity reactions
(VAH),
similar to
those in humans given inactivated measles or respiratory
syncytial virus vaccines.
Safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines must avoid
VAH.
----------------------
Prospects for a safe
COVID-19 vaccine
.
Haynes BF, Corey L, Fernandes P, Gilbert PB,
Hotez
PJ, Rao S, Santos MR,
Schuitemaker
H, Watson M, Arvin
A. Sci
Transl
Med. 2020 Nov 4;12(568
):eabe
0948.
doi
: 10.1126/
scitranslmed.abe
0948.
Epub
2020
Oct 19. PMID: 33077678.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33077678/
Rigorous
clinical trial design and post licensure surveillance should provide a reliable
strategy to identify adverse events, including the
potential for enhanced
severity of COVID-19 disease, after vaccination.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Allergic
reactions to the first COVID-19 vaccine: A potential role of polyethylene
glycol?
Cabanillas
B,
Akdis
CA, Novak N. Allergy. 2021 Jun;76(6):1617-1618.
doi
:
10.1111/all.14711. PMID: 33320974.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33320974/
&
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/all.14711
On 8th December 2020, the vaccine BNT162b2 was started to be
administrated to the population at risk for COVID-19 in the UK. On the second
day of the vaccination program, the National Health System (NHS) in England
informed that two workers of the NHS experienced adverse allergic symptoms
shortly after receiving the vaccine, which prompted MHRA to advise healthcare
providers not to administrate the vaccine to subjects with a significant
history of allergic reactions.
3
Adverse Consequences of Rushing a SARS-CoV-2
Vaccine: Implications for Public Trust
.
Trogen
B,
Oshinsky
D, Caplan A
JAMA. 2020 Jun 23;323(24):2460-2461.
doi
:
10.1001/jama.2020.8917. PMID: 32453392.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32453392/
There is grim historical precedent for allowing expediency to
rule vaccine development. In 1955, the inactivated polio vaccine developed by
Jonas Salk was declared “safe, potent, and effective” following the largest
public health experiment in the nation’s history, involving more than a million
schoolchildren.
5
Within
weeks, however, the miracle vaccine intended to end the scourge of polio stood
accused of causing it.
In 1976, concerns about the emergence of a new swine flu strain
reminiscent of the lethal 1918 version led President Gerald Ford to convene a
panel that recommended a government-backed mass vaccination program.
7
Poorly
conceived, the attempt to vaccinate the US population at breakneck speed failed
in virtually every respect.
Failing to abide by standards of safety and scientific rigor
during
the COVID-19 crisis will fuel the argument that physicians and scientists
cannot be trusted.
Physicians should not administer inadequately vetted
vaccines; researchers should not endorse them without sufficient data.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40264-020-01018-y#auth-Saad-Shakir
.
[Comment]
COVID‑19 vaccine safety.
Kostoff
RN, Briggs MB, Porter AL,
Spandidos
DA,
Tsatsakis
A Int J Mol Med. 2020 Nov;46(5):1599-1602.
doi
: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4733.
Epub
2020 Sep 18. PMID: 33000193; PMCID: PMC7521561.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33000193/
In response to the SARS‑CoV‑2 outbreak, and the resulting
COVID‑19 pandemic, a global competition to develop an anti‑COVID‑19 vaccine has
ensued. The targeted time frame for initial vaccine deployment is late 2020.
The present article examines whether short‑term, mid‑term, and long‑term
vaccine safety can be achieved under such an accelerated schedule, given the
myriad vaccine‑induced mechanisms that have demonstrated adverse effects based
on previous clinical trials and laboratory research.
It presents scientific
evidence of potential pitfalls associated with eliminating critical phase II
and III clinical trials, and concludes that there is no substitute currently
available for long‑term human clinical trials to ensure long‑term human
safety
The UK has approved a COVID vaccine -
here's
what scientists now want to know
. Ledford H,
Cyranoski
D, Van
Noorden
R.
Nature. 2020 Dec;588(7837):205-206.
doi
:
10.1038/d41586-020-03441-8. PMID: 33288887.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33478841/
In
addition to the Pfizer vaccine, regulators are poring over data from a similar
vaccine made by Moderna
of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a
third produced by AstraZeneca of Cambridge, UK, and the
University of Oxford, UK
. All three have
been tested in large clinical trials, and have shown promise in preventing
disease
symptoms.But
none
has demonstrated that it prevents infection altogether, or reduces the spread
of the virus in a population.
There is no quick way to determine
how long immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus will last, and researchers will need
to monitor this closely in the coming months and years.
The major vaccine trials so far have enrolled
tens of thousands of people, but for each one, conclusions about effectiveness
are drawn from fewer than 200 people who have developed disease. As a result,
it can be difficult to break up the data to look at efficacy in different
groups — such as people who are obese or
elderly
researchers will need to monitor samples of
SARS-CoV-2 for signs of
change
The
vaccine has completed only a few months of the two-year clinical-trial period
that it will need to complete before it is approved to be sold freely on the
market. You still need strong surveillance.
SARS-CoV-2 variants with spike (S)-protein
D614G mutations now predominate globally.
Zhang L, Jackson CB,
Mou
H, Ojha A, Peng H, Quinlan BD, Rangarajan ES, Pan A,
Vanderheiden
A, Suthar MS, Li W, Izard T, Rader C, Farzan M, Choe H. SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein
D614G mutation increases virion spike density and infectivity. Nat
Commun
. 2020 Nov 26;11(1):6013.
doi
:
10.1038/s41467-https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33243994/
SARS-CoV-2 variants with spike (S)-protein
D614G mutations now predominate globally.
D614G may increase infectivity by assembling more
functional S protein into the virion.